Chronicle of a Death Foretold Essay Example for Free

Chronicle of a Death Foretold EssayAnimals Humor, Symbolism, and other Literary Devices in Chronicle of a Death Foretold In Chronicle of a Death Foretold, the author, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, utilizes the motif of animals as symbols pigs for dry humor, rabbits as foreshadowing, and m each other animals to aid in description, characterization, and establishment of theme. ?Marquez ingestions pigs as motifs the fabrication. He makes a big deal out of the knives that Pablo and Pedro use while describing the murder.The Vicario twins went to the bin in the pigsty where they kept their sacrificial tools and picked out the cardinal best knives peerless for accommodate, ten inches long and two and a half inches wide, and the other for trimming, seven inches long and one and a half inches wide. They wrapped them in a rag and went to sharpen them at the meat market. Marquez then goes into great detail about how they are pig knives used for killing pigs. This adds insult to injury f or Santiago, macrocosm an Arab, thus being part of is a culture that considers pigs to be filthy.This is an example of the authors ironic style of humor. ?Marquez provides an additional bit of ironic humor while Nasar is being slaughtered during the murder scene. Trying to finish it once and for all, Pedro Vicario sought his heart, wide-cutly he looked for it almost in the armpit, where pigs have it. This further develops the cruel, ironic humor established by killing Nasar with pig knives, and is now being killed bid a pig as well. Another use of pigs in the novel occurs when the Vicarios insist on having the wedding at their home, and in doing so are forced to have the ceremony in the stye.The daughters would be married in the pigpen or they wouldnt be married at all The twins took the pigs move out elsewhere and sanitized the pigsty with quicklime. The Arab culture considers pigs to be filthy creatures, so Marquez continues to play on this belief by using the pigsty as a metaphor for the impurity of the marriage. Additionally, the parents rely upon the brothers to clean up both to begin with the marriage, and after its destroyed by their sisters un customs dutyal actions, adding to the metaphor.Marquez in addition utilizes a rabbit similarly to the pig. Santiago walks into the kitchen for breakfast where Victoria Guzman, had been quartering three rabbits for lunch. Victoria Guzman couldnt avoid a wave of fright as she remembered Santiago Nasars horror when she pulled out the insides of a rabbit by the grow and threw the steaming guts to the dogs. In this scene not only is Marquez is foreshadowing the killing of Nasar, but hes also using irony to express details of his violent and cruel demise.Marquez then adds to additional irony by showing Nasars opposition to this treatment of living or dead things when Guzman wonders how a man accustomed to killing defenseless animals could suddenly express such horror She went on alimentation the dogs with the insides of the other rabbits, just to embitter Santiago Nasars breakfast. The emotions expressed by Nasar in this scene add to his and Victoria Guzmans characterization Nasars opposition to violence, and Guzmans hidden despise for Nasar.Dogs are also a motif used by Marquez in Chronicle of a Death Foretold. One of the first scenes that Marquez utilizes the dogs in is the previously mentioned scene with Victoria Guzman feeding the guts of the rabbits to the dogs. But before she does this, Nasar tells her with regards to her actions, Dont be a savage Make believe it was a human being. This scene foreshadows Nasars killing, but then Marquez uses the dogs in a similar way on page 73, after the actual killing has occurred The dogs, aroused by the smell of death, increased the uneasiness.They hadnt stopped howling since I the narrator went into the house, when Santiago Nasar was still in his death throes in the kitchen and I found Divina Flor weeping in great howls and holding the m off with a stick. Help me, she shouted to me. What they want is to eat his guts. The parallels between the two scenes add to the ironic humor Marquez creates. The dogs are often also used as a motif for the people in the town, especially regarding to their gossip and the way intelligence agency spreads.As the Vicario brothers are leaving their house to sharpen their knives in education for killing Nasar, they left by way of the pigpen gate, with their knives unwrapped, trailed by the uproar of the dogs in the yards. Its as if the dogs are people gossiping and spreading the word that Nasar is to be killed. This motif continues on page 67, where The dogs barked at Santiago Nasar as usual when they heard him come in, but he calmed them down in the half vindicated with the tinkling of his keys. In this instance its as if people have the intent of warning Nasar, but nobody seems to be able to, and the word is continue to spread to everyone but him. The dogs also represent the pop ulation when they are aroused by the smell of death. The people throughout the story get excited with the appraisal of a murder, and while many are opposed to the actual act of killing Nasar, they still find excitement in the event and act in accordance with their feelings they spread the word like wildfire, nobody takes time to warn Nasar until it is too late, and then they gather to watch the act.They treat the entire thing like some exciting, thrilling event, not like a tragic and cruel act, as one would expect. They act like dogs with their animalistic group reactions to the events that take place. Marquez sums up these animalistic reactions on the last page of the book, as Nasar is walking through the neighbors house carrying his entrails. Poncho Lanao, the neighbor, recalls the terrible smell of shit. This recollection carries two related meanings. The first being the entire event smelled bad. It showed a terrible side of human behavior and leaves bad impressions on people who hear of it.This relates to the second, which comes back to people performing like animals. Animals are often set forth as smelling bad, or like shit, and from the way Nasar was killed to the way the people in the story acted, this entire event was extremely animalistic. Birds, in concomitant falcons, are also a motif in the story. In the dedication of Chronicle of a Death Foretold on that point is a quote from Gil Vicente, The pursuit of love is like falconry. This could mean that like in falconry, where the falcon learns to accept its role under its master, a woman mustiness learn to accept its role as wife and lover under her husband.This belief, however, is one of tradition, and this novel is constantly bringing into question whether or not tradition is good or bad, right or wrong. This quote could also mean that it is up to somebody to go out and find a suitable lover, one will not just show up, just as a falconer must go out and seek a falcon. Another use of the falcon is on page 65, where the narrator, a ally of Nasars, warns him he should not sleep with Maria Alejandro Cervantes, someone who slept with many men his age. He tells Nasar, A falcon who chases a warlike crane can only hope for a life of pain. This is again relating the falcon to love.This time, however, the falcon is the one doing the pursuing. Santiagos friend is warning him that should he choose to be with this woman who sleeps with many men, he can expect to be hurt as a result. Similarly to the falcon, Marquez uses a monger to characterize Nasar. When Nasar grabs Divina Flor in the front room, Marquez describes his hand as the butcher hawk hand. This goes back to the falcon motif with love. The description of Nasar as a hawk again is used on page 90 He was a sparrow hawk. He went about alone, just like his father, nipping the bud of any wayward virgin who began showing up in those woods. This similar to the last, compares Nasar to a hawk, a predatory animal that survives by preying on helpless animals. Nasar is being described as a man who goes from virgin to virgin, taking advantage of them, but never actually engaging in extended relationships with any of them. Gabriel Garcia Marquez uses animals as motifs a great deal throughout Chronicle of a Death Foretold to aid in his establishment of theme, characterization, emphasis of events, foreshadowing, and as means of humor. He utilizes a variety of animals, in particular the pig, rabbit, and birds to carry out this variety of literary functions.

Project Risk Management Plan Essay Example for Free

Project Risk Management Plan EssayFirst of all we identify our project risks, which ar let us cognise what to expect in the future and how to act during the problem.1) Risks identification We highlighted couple categories of risks, which are most important to be ready against them.Procedural and technical failures from failures of native systems and engage errors, organization, fraud, technical failures. Such as non- responding servers, any mistakes in the internal systems, broken servers, late updates, missing reading, etc. Human from individuals or organizations, illness, death. For example if the of import IT person do not work cause the illness, we have to be ready to have any other backup to take action if needed. usable loss of control of organizational operations. Reputational damage to reputation in the market. Such as customers dissatisfaction of the slow app working.2) Qualitative risk compend prioritizing risks for further analysis or action by assessin g and combining their probability of occurrence and impact. Our project idea related with the internet, servers and so on, so our main priority looking into probability of risks are to ensure a well-functioning app without any errors and failures. As a result we have priority of our risks.1) Procedural and technical failures2) Human3) Operational4) Reputational3) Quantitative risk analysis numerically analyzing the effect of identified risks on overall project objectives.1) Procedural and technical failures could bring dissatisfaction of customers. 2) Human slower working of the app, errors andfailures of the app cause the misunderstanding information of the servers. 3) Operational loss of control of the organization. 4) Reputational- dissatisfaction of the customers, stakeholders, suppliers, employees.4) Risk response planning developing options and actions to enhance opportunities and to reduce threats to project objectivesTo ensure well-functioning app we have to be ready fo r any risk and have a plan how to react. To reduce any threats we have to have professional IT specialists, have a great training system, that every employee would know basics how to react in any situation. The training system could lead to faster activities. Every department should be related with each other to take down and know the newest information. Also we have to have backup specialists, which would help, if the other employee cant work cause the illness.Also we can react using unlike strategies (depending on the risk situation) such as avoid-eliminate the threat entirely, transfer- shift the problem to the third party, mitigate reduce the probability of occurrence or impact of a risk (adopt less complex processes, conduct more tests), or accept the risk before knowing all the details about that problem.5) Risk control implementing risk response plans, tracking identified risks, identifying new risks.Some employees have to be responsible for tracking identified risks, also identify new risks and be ready to act. Checking for newest information, threats and opportunities it is one of the way, how to control risks.

The competitive field that businesses compete within

The competitive field that businesses compete withinBusinesses exist in a very competitive environment and competition happens whenever two or more parties make every effort for a goal which cannot be sh ared. For example, super grocery stores are in competition with for some(prenominal)ly ace other to offer the best possible value for money goods, and to offer the most appropriate variety of products for their clients. Businesses battle in numerous ways.One of the most noticeable ways is over worth. Within a market businesses are faced by direct competitors. These are firms that produce the identical or very alike goods. However, most products are set apart in some way. For example, although soap powders may look highly similar each exit offer some form of special ingredient that sets them apart.A direct competitor is a business that produces or sells a product or service that is the same or highly comparable to another in the same market. Indirect competition happens when f irms compete for the same amount of spending, although they might be in disagreeent sectors of the same market or in different markets. Every growing or a successful organization has some competitors. If we light upon an example of McDonalds and Burger KingIn making an analysis of McDonalds, the first issue we will examine is their company goals. McDonalds has a goal of one hundred portion total customer satisfaction. They do understand that this goal is not always achievable. If for any reason they do not meet that goal, they will do some(prenominal) it rams to correct their mistake.McDonalds has a second company goal that sets them apart from most of their competitors. One of there goals is the principle of giving back to the community and that re importants one of their major goals today. If we take a look at McDonalds Guarantee states, food will be hot and your service will be fast and friendly. The customer service of McDonalds focuses on one customer at a period. They a re much more concerned with the quality of the service rather than the speed. Employees usually take one order at a quantify and then prepare that order while the customers wait. After the current customer is satisfied, they move on to the adjoining customer. This process allows great accuracy and quality but lacks speed. Employees in McDonalds work at a quick speed but it seemed like they had no time for customers. They acted as if it was a burden for them to stop and answer a simple question or refill a drinkWhere as Burger King Wants to personalise each customers order and provide the fastest service possible. Burger Kings form _or_ system of government is to give the customer many choices and to accurately and quickly provide whatever the customer chooses. This policy is reflected in their slogan which is YOUR WAY, RIGHT WAY.Operating under this rule makes it very easy to achieve their goals. Through the various choices they give it is easy to customize each order. Burger Kin gs procedures are also consistent with their goals. In order to individualize each order they provide customers with many options when ordering. Some options include fries or onion rings, cheese, bacon, mustard, ketchup, mayonnaise, lettuce, tomato, pickles, and onion. The customer can pick any mixture of these options that they wish. Burger King takes customer orders on a continual basis. One employee takes the customers order, the customer then moves down the pedigree where another employee is preparing the order. Meanwhile, the original employee is taking another customers order. Customers also get their own drinks while they are waiting for their meal. This makes service much faster because employees do not bedevil to prepare drinks. They also provided relaxing music for customers to listen to while dining. Burger King has got more than sufficient communication and leadership. Employees give the customers feedback on their orders. Each customer receives a receipt, which enab led them to three-fold-check their order. The employees also read the order back to the customer before handing them the order. In terms of leadership, there is a manager to sort egress things.Organizational Goals Both McDonalds and Burger King share the same basic organizational goals of profitability, sales volume, fast and courteous service, and cleanliness. There are slight differences to these goals by twain companies.Organizational Structure When observing McDonalds and Burger king, the organizational structures of the two restaurants are very alike. There appeared to be a crew leader who was a non-managerial employee and, there was a manager who was present behind the counter. The managers of the restaurants seemed to be in command of every aspect of the whole food service procedure.Technology Both McDonalds and Burger King are on the cutting edge of technology. They both employ state of the art cash registers and both turn in electric timers built into their cooking mach ines. Although the cooking styles differ between Burger King and McDonalds, the method of production is the same. Large amount of food is cooked at once then placed under heat lamps or cast off in the microwave when an order is placed. Both stores have the same drive through technology with a speaker and a well-lit menu to relay the pass on to the cooks.Employee Motivation The pauperism of both stores for employees to perform well is hard to ascertain from just observing, but it appears somewhat obvious. The people working in these establishments appear to have a lower social economic status, and the fact that a paycheck is coming at the end of the week may be the only motivation they have.Environment The environment at McDonalds and Burger King seems to be a simple, yet unstable one. It is apparent that the majority of people, who work there, are not choosing their employment as a career option. Therefore, the workforce is constantly changing and adapting to new employees and ne w situations.Leadership Style There was similar leadership style employed by the management at both stores. Task orientation was essential to meeting the goal of fast food. Each person had to be focused on the undertaking at hand, because during certain hours of the day, both stores were very busy. There seemed to be little flexibility from management if it meant compromising their goals.McDonalds and Burger king have been competing with each other for several years now and theres no sign that its going to stop any time soon. As we all know that the economy is entering into a field of study these two super-chains have to fight more and more to win business and defeat all there competitors. Burger King recently announced plans to drop the price of its double cheese burger from $1.99 to just 99 cents even though Burger Kings double cheeseburger is 30% larger than the version offered at McDonalds. This means that they are not making much profit on it. But they have to attract more cu stomers towards them and defeat there competitor.On the other hand McDonalds is ready to drop the double cheeseburger from its dollar menu all together. Many franchisees are upset because the double cheeseburger is not a profitable item for the stores at a $1.00 price point. Complaints have been made that consumers will come in, order two double cheeseburgers and a glass of water and that means the store will lose money from that customer.The main fast food chains often offer special sandwiches and discounted prices on certain items as a way to draw customers back into their stores and keep them unwavering to the company so they keep coming back. The method is very successful to draw in business, and as the economy continues to remain on unstable ground, we will likely see the fast food chains come up with better deals and more original food items to effort to draw customers in.http//www.americanconsumernews.com/2007/12/mcdonalds-and-burger-king-entering-into-new-price-war-competit ion.htmlTheyre ceaselessly keeping an eye on each other and the competition, and making sure in McDonalds case, making sure Burger King didnt break in on its market share, and in Burger Kings case, finding ways to take away McDonalds market share. If we look at McDonalds versus Burger king 16 years ago, even with some of the challenges theyve had over that time horizon, McDonalds average U.S. sales per unit is up over 20 percent, while Burger King over that same time frame is down 8 to 9 percent. French fries have been a sore point for Burger King Operators for years. The company has tried new formulas in the last couple years, but Burger Kings fries are still considered by many in the industry to not measure up with McDonalds.http//www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3957636/The relationships between profits and product differentiation expose that both McDonalds and Burger King are better off avoiding close competition if the market area is huge enough. However in small market areas, McDonalds w ould be find together with Burger King. In contrast, Burger Kings profits always increase with greater differentiation. The balance depends on the markets size. In small markets McDonalds locates near the center of the market, and Burger King locates to the side of the market. In larger markets McDonalds and Burger King choose locations on opposite sides of the market although McDonalds locates closer to the best possible central location than Burger King.http//mktsci.journal.informs.org/cgi/content/abstract/26/6/792One of the reasons why Burger King is so successful includes many factors but one of them was location. One of the best ways to explain it is Burger King has always launch outlets where there is a large attention of people but that wasnt there only strategy because they also had the great idea of going head-to-head with McDonald crosswise the street. By setting outlets in front or near a McDonald outlet they were guaranteeing visibility of their franchise.

Therapeutic Intervention And Women Experiencing Domestic Violence Social Work Essay

Therapeutic Intervention And Women Experiencing Domestic fierceness Social dally EssayThere perplex been on-going public and professional concerns ab give away the issue of internal force play in the world. This interest has resulted in a growing trunk of research evidence which examine the prevalence and correlates of this type of craze (Archer, 2002 Fagan Browne, 1994 Johnson Ferraro, 2000).The most habitual form of personnel against women is home(prenominal)ated violence, or the violence against women in families. look consistently demonst strides that a woman is more likely to be s spatedalised, raped or killed by a live or former partner than by any other soulfulnesss. Men whitethorn kick, bite, slap, punch or try to strangle their wives or partners they may burn them or throw acid on their faces they may beat or rape them, with either their body parts or sharp objects and they may use deadly weapons to stab or train them. At times, women argon seriously inju red, and in some cases they are killed or die, as a result of their injuries (United Nations Economic and Social Council, 1996).The assaults are intended to injure womens psychological health and bodies, which usually include humiliation and somatogenic violence. Just like torture, the assaults are unpredictable and bear little relation to womens own demeanour. Moreover, the assaults may continue for weeks, and even years. Some women may believe that they deserve the beatings because of some wrong actions on their parts, while others refrain from speaking about the abuse because they business organisation that their partner will further harm them in reprisal for revealing the family secrets or they may simply be ashamed of their situation (United Nations Economic and Social Council, reputation of the Special Reporters on violence against women, E/CN.4/1996/53, February 1996).Physical and inner violence against women is an enormous problem passim the world. The perpetrators ar e typically males close to women, such as their well-read partners and family members. Violence puts women at risk for both short- and long-term sequel which involves their fleshly, psychological, and sociable well-being. The prevalence of violence involving women is alarming and it constitutes a serious health problem. No woman is safe from domestic violence, no matter what countrified or culture she lives in. According to the latest UN report, angiotensin converting enzyme in trey women is raped, beaten, or ill-use during her bread and buttertime. The occasion of todays world Eliminate Violence against Womens Day focuses on Iran, where abuse largely goes unreported and officially at least unrecognized.Some researchers have argued that violence is equally a problem for both sexes (Gelles, 1974 Straus, Gelles and Steinmetz, 1980 both cited in Dwyer, 1996). However, as Bograd (1988) points out, this argument ignores the disproportionate rate of male violence against women an d that most documented womanish violence is committed in self-defence. Moreover, it in any case ignores the structural supports for male violence against women. There is abundant evidence which suggests that violence, against women by their husbands or partners, is a historical and current norm (i.e. Dobash and Dobash, 1988 Geller, 1992 Gordon, 1998).Some of the criticisms of cognitive behavioural therapies are that they tend to ignore social and political factors which affect clients (Enns, 1997). People who are homeless, battered, or poor may non have the financial resources or social support to use some cognitive and behavioural methods. Cognitive-behaviour therapy views that behaviour is primarily determined by what that person thinks. Cognitive-behaviour therapy works on the premise that thoughts of low self-worth are incorrect and due to faulty learning. In addition, the aim of therapy is to get rid of the faulty concepts which influence prejudicial thinking. Furthermore, cognitive behavioural therapies may not attend to clients cultural assumptions about rationality which are rather implicit in such therapies.To make cognitive and behavioural therapies more compatible with the feminist therapy, Worell and Remer (2003) suggested changing labels that dialect the pathology of people, focusing on feeling, and integrating ideas about gender-role socialization, rather than using negative or pathological labels such as distortion, irrationality, or faulty thinking. Worell and Remer (2003) suggest that clients explore ideas, based on the gender-role generalizations which appear to be distorted or irrational. For example, rather than labelling the thought that womens orient is in the home as irrational, the therapist should explore the actual rewards and punishments for living out this stereotyped belief. By focusing on anger, particularly angry ones which prink as a result of gender-role limitations or discrimination, women can be divine serviceed to f eel independent and gain control over their lives. Therefore, helping women with their social-role issues, gender-role and military unit analysis can be helpful in exploring ways of dealing with societal pressures which interfere with womens development. This is supported by Wyche (2001) who believes that cognitive and behaviour therapies are particularly relevant for women of color in because they focus on the present, providing clients with methods to use in handling the current problems.1.2 Statement of the ProblemViolence by intimate partners has been recognized throughout the world as a significant health problem. For instance, the World health shaping (WHO) focuses on violence against women as a priority health issue. Violence by intimate partners refers to any behaviour within an intimate partnership which causes physical, psychological, or sexual harm to those in the relationship.Violence against women is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations amid men and women (Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, 1993). According to this Declaration fear is the toughgest outcome of violence against women. Fear from violence is a big obstacle of womens independence and results in women to continue desireing the mens support, and in legion(predicate) instances this support results in the vulnerability and dependency of women, and is the main obstacle in the say-so of womens potentials, which can bring about the development of their capacities and to use their energy in the improvement of society.Violence and abuse across the world are a common phenomenon and are not specific to a particular society, culture or mentality. Women in any given pastoral and society are in one way or another subjected to violence in the private (home) environment or public (social) environment. In view of the irreversible consequences of violence for both the human, social and family structure of society, and for women themselves. This issue m ust become extra sensitive in the world. In fact, gender-based violence against women is the violation of their human rights and vestigial freedoms, the denial of their spiritual and physical integrity and an insult to their dignity. Violence against women is an obstacle of access to equal objectives, development and peace. The term violence against women is associated to any violent act that is gender-based that results in physical, mental and sexual hurt and suffering.The main reason for the separation of men and women is mental abuse. Mental abuse is an abusive behaviour which hurts and damages the womans honour, dignity and self-confidence. This type of abuse results the impairment of perception, loss of self-confidence, various types of depression, womans failure in managing the family, greed at the work environment, the reconstruction of violent behaviour in children, womans dysfunction in the family, turning to sedatives, alcohol, drugs, fortune-telling (Mehrangiz Kar 2000) .Violence against women in Iran takes place in a chip of ways 1 Honour killing 2 Self-immolation 3 Domestic violence 4 whoredom 5 Human trafficking, women and children in particular.Violence reduces the self-confidence of women in the family. Women, who are abuse, usually become depressed, secluded, and withdrawn people. Depression is also one of the most fundamental psychological problems in women who are in domestic violence. (Enayat, Halimeh,2006).Standards for counselling practice was developed in response to reports from women who were dissatisfied with the counselling they received after experiencing domestic violence, and concerns raised by workers in womens domestic violence services (Inner South Domestic Violence Service in Melbourne). According to the Welfare Organization of Iran (2006), the rate of mental illness among women victimized by domestic violence is significantly higher than among other women having hospital contact. It was noted that while an established network existed for domestic violence crisis and support services were designed specifically to meet the take aways of women, counselling services tended to be generalized, with but a few practitioners particular(a)izing in the area. Furthermore, thither has been no break down to show counsellors which treatment for the mental health treatment of women who experienced domestic violence is better than the others (WBO, 2006).Family laws in Iran, create inequality between men and women, and these laws do not have the capacity to protect women who live with violent men, and violence has turned into a power tool for men.As the country progresses into an industrial nation, more academically qualified professionals are in great demand in Iran. Women who have experienced domestic violence are subjected to extensive amount of problems concerning mental health related to domestic violence. In a adopt by A. A. Noorbala, conducted at the Tehran University of Medical Sciences, the prevale nce of mental disorders was shown to be 21.3% in the rural areas, and this was 20.9% in the urban areas.According to an old Iranian saying, Women should sacrifice themselves and tolerate. This shows that many women, if not most women, are involved in domestic violence. It happens in private life and a legal complaint can destroy the life of a woman. In other words, parts of the population have the perception that abuse is done in order to keep with the traditions of the society and out of love. Women, who are victims of domestic violence, perceived that their husbands jealous reactions which turn into violence are a sign of their love and attention to them.In a very traditional and religious setting in which many in Iran live, their understanding of religion and the reading given to them throughout the centuries is that a man can beat his wife. They believe that it is a religious command and the commentators, who have portrayed Islam in this light as a violent religion, have also c ontributed to the growth of this kind of culture. The police and judicial dodge are of little help. If a battered woman calls the police, it is marvellous that they will intervene. Ironically, the traditional attitude towards marital conflict in Iran inclines people to mediate between the couple. In many cases, the woman is usually sent substantiate to her violent home. In the Iranian judicial system, there has been no law established to prevent domestic violence. On the contrary, there are many indicators which gain violence against women in families in the Iranian Islamic penal code. Some authors estimate that the number of intimate relationships with violent husbands is about 20 to 30 percent (Stark Flitcraft, 1988 Straus Gelles, 1986). Broken bones, miscarriages, broken families, death, and some mental health disorders are some of the consequences of battering in intimate relationships. Each year, over one million women seek medical care due to battering (Nadelson Sauzie r, 1989). Victims also experience nightmares and somatic consequences, while children who witness abuse may be symptomatic, displaying a high number of somatic, psychological and behavioural problems (Nadelson Sauzier, 1989). In addition to psychological scarring for victims, children, and batterers, there are broader societal repercussions of domestic violence. Williams-White (1989) allege that the structural, cultural, and social characteristics of our society continue to perpetuate the victimisation of women at all levels. In a way, violence within familial relationships reflects and helps maintain violence and oppression it widely in culture. Jennings (1987195) explains this by stating that violent husbands not only contribute to maintaining the level of violence in society, they also reflect a direct manifestation of socially learned sex-role behaviours. Moreover, the prevalence of battering has cover race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (Hotaling Sugarman, 1986). Malt reatment of violence can lead to more violence (Walker, 1984). In systems which do not change, future generations may continue to asylum to violence to solve problems. In addition, in many of those systems, violence may become more severe with time. For this reason, it is therefore necessary to work on treating the consequences of violence. However, to date, reenforcement for mental health interventions is still limited, and it often only supports short-term treatment which will not adequately address the long-term symptoms.In view of the special treatment for the mental health of women, counseling centres and support houses for women can reduce the mental health problem of abused women and also reduce the domestic violence statistics.At the Welfare Organizations Counselling Centres in Iran, women who are victimized by domestic violence are treated by social workers and counsellors utilizing the cognitive behaviour therapy. Based on the above discussion, this study also analyzed t he comparison of the treatments given to women who have experienced domestic violence, using four different therapies, to wit combination therapy (cognitive behaviour therapy and feminist therapy) with cognitive behaviour therapy, feminist therapy and social work skills.Violence can shatter a womans life in many ways. Being a victim of violence is widely recognized as a cause for mental health problems, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and panic attacks. Being abused also plays a major role in developing or worsening substance abuse problems. For many women who are affected by violence, their stolon abuse usually occurred in their childhood or adolescence. Victimized women as childrens mothers frequently end up losing manacles of their own children due to allegations of abuse or neglect, and over 50% of child abuse and neglect cases involve parental alcohol and drug abuse.In addition to institutionalized violence against women in Iran, the legal age of the women and young girls are facing domestic violence at home at the time when they are still living with their parents. In most cases, it is the pose and the other elder male members in the family are among those who first commit the aggression against the women and young girls. According to the latest statistics, two out of every three Iranian women have experienced discrimination and domestic violence from the father or the other male members of their family. For the vast majority of the Iranian women, married life marks the beginning of horror, pain, and humiliation, i.e. being the victim of their husbands and sometimes the other family members. Moreover, eighty one out of 100 married women have experienced domestic violence in the first year of their marriage (Mehrangiz Kar 2000). Even women with outstanding jobs and prestigious social standings are subject to this violation. In most of the cases, this abuse leaves permanent physical and psychological damages for the rest of their lives. Ironically, without saying even a word and with much pain and yet no support, crimes against women have gone unnoticed. Ninety out of 100 women suffer from a severe case of depression, from which they ultimately commit suicide and 71% of those women experience nervous breakdowns. (Mehrangiz Kar 2000). Their methods of suicide include setting themselves ablaze. For them, this is the only way of escaping from segregation and humiliation. For instance in Ilam (a city in Iran), 15 girls set themselves ablaze each month, fighting against oppression or depression (Welfare Organization of Iran, 2005). Looking at how serious this problem has become, it is therefore the responsibility of everyone to fight the oppression against women. Female victims need to believe that they should not be blamed on whatever happens to them. An active participation in the Welfare Organization of Iran to defend the womens rights and opposition to the Iranian Islamic fundamentalism is the least one can do to help end the pain and suffering of the victims of violence in both private and public spheres. Violence against women, in human and brutal punishments, such as stone and complete elimination of the women from the political and social arenas represent some aspects of the modus operandi of fundamentalists leading to institutionalized violence. This also means that the struggle for equality, safety and security cannot be apart(p) from the fight against fundamentalism in Iran.This study made use of the theoretical framework, combining the cognitive-behaviour theory and feminist theory for the mental health of the women who have been victimized by domestic violence. The present study could provide have it offledge on the different types of mental health treatments adopted by counsellors at various counselling centres throughout the country. This research also examined the quality of the treatment by combining two therapies (cognitive-behaviour therapy and feminist thera py).Armed with this knowledge, the leaders of the Welfare Organizations, the society, families and counsellors can benefit from the consequences of change in the womens mental health. The suggested theoretical framework would provide a better understanding of the womens mental health and their performance in the society.In summery, battered and abused women need a wide range of responses, flexible services, and supportive policies to enhance their safety and self-sufficiency and to restore their self-esteem and welfare. These might include mental and physical health evaluation and referral relocation services confidential advocacy, shelter, and other domestic violence support services educational and vocational training legal representation concerning divorce, custody and protective orders evaluation of immigration status and ethnic or cultural issues and the effective enforcement of criminal laws and court orders to help free them from their partners control and to keep them and th eir children safe.We know that women who have suffered abuse are more likely to suffer posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and somatization than those who have never experienced abuse the more extensive the abuse, the greater the risk of mental health disorder.Womens mental health treatment is an important area to consider for research because (1) girls and women as a group are undefended to more traumatic stressors than boys and men (2) the mental health of women may be severely affected, resulting not only in immediate psychological symptoms, but also lifetime risk for self-destructive or suicidal behaviour, anxiety and panic attacks, eating disorders, substance abuse, somatization disorder, and sexual adjustment disorders and (3) psychologists are not regularly skilful to work specifically with trauma survivors, which can reduce the effectiveness of the treatment survivors receive.Currently there are 22 crisis intervention centres (womens crisis intervention centre ) across the country (Iran), and women can stay in these centres between 6 to 8 months.As violence causes psychological pressures and uncontrolled stresses on and ultimately depression in women generally, this study was intended to find a better and useful treatment in the attempt to improve the treatment for the mental health of the women who have become the victims of domestic violence. The present study would also provide further knowledge and understanding on the three different types of the treatments used, namely the Cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT), Feminist therapy and the combination of the two treatments. The results of this study would therefore contribute the theoretical development and practice in counselling.1.6 Operational Definition of Terms1.6.1 Domestic violenceDomestic violence is a conformation of coercive behaviour, which includes physical, sexual, economic, emotional and/or psychological abuse, exerted by an intimate partner over another with the goal of esta blishing and maintaining power and control.1.6.2 Mental healtha state of mind characterized by emotional well-being, relative freedom from anxiety and disabling symptoms, and a capacity to establish constructive relationships and cope with the ordinary demands and stresses of life. Mental Health is the balance between all aspects of life social, physical, spiritual and emotional. It impacts on how we manage our surroundings and make choices in our lives clearly it is an integral part of our overall health. In this study, mental health refers to the score which the client gets from the SCL-90-R test.1.6.3 Cognitive behaviour Therapy (CBT)A set of principles and procedures that assume that cognitive processes affect behaviour and conversely that behaviour affects cognitive processes. It emphasizes a here-and-now process without emphasizing causation. (D.Meichenbaum) .A treatment approach that helps clients examines and changes the relationship consequences, thoughts, feelings, behav iours and resultant consequences. It incorporates a number of diverse intervention (for example, cognitive restructuring procedures, problem solving, coping skills interventions, stress inoculation training, and self instructional training.1.6.4 Feminist TherapyA philosophical and practical approach with certain assumptions for example, strategies are needed, and therapists must be aware of personal, gender-biased value system in relation to appropriate behaviour. Feminist therapists promote se4lf-awareness, self-affirmation, and personal integration, outcomes that may conflict with the societal norms that were the original source of dysfunctional behaviour patterns of women.

Poaching Elephants for Ivory

Poaching Elephants for IvoryPoaching of elephants has been present from the past 1000 years. However it change magnitude considerably in the 1970s and consequently the elephant existence of the world registered a sharp decline with statistics showing that the number of elephants in Africa declined from 1.3 million in 1980 to apprehensionable 400,000 in 1990 (Ivory handicraft threatens future of African Elephants). Sudan and the Central African Republic have also registered a return in their elephant population. The crucial factor which results in the poaching of elephants is os work. Therefore to ransom the dwindling elephant population of the world, publishting the demand for ivory in the world became necessary.The first attempt against ivory craft was made in 1975 with the advent of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which placed elephants chthonic the sway Appendix II species (White gold The ivory raft criminalis e). These are the species that, though not threatened by extinction, are at risk of beingness endangered. This did not prohibition era ivory trading and was just a means of regulating it. However it failed to achieve its purpose as the killing of elephants not solely keep but increase as the demand for ivory in the international market increased. Thus in 1989 CITES was forced to revise its position in background with elephants. As of 1990 the elephants were removed from Appendix II and earlier placed under Appendix I (a species threatened by extinction) by which the killing of elephants was illegalized and a all-embracing put away was imposed on ivory trading (White gold The ivory trade ban). After the ban was put under practice ivory trade was nearly eliminated because publicity surrounding the issue turned public sentiment so far against the ivory trade that it nearly eliminated the demand for ivory planetary most poaching stopped abruptly in solvent. After the imposit ion of the ban the number of poached elephants in Kenya was reduced to 500 in 1993 from a huge 3500 in the 1980s (White gold The ivory trade ban). Also because the demand for ivory had decreased, the price of ivory per pound also decreased from $ one hundred twenty-five to $5 (White gold The ivory trade ban). This reduction in price made the poachers lose incentive and poaching of elephants diminished. some other act, The Botswana Conservation and Management of Elephants portrayal of 1991 (The Conservation and Management of Elephants in Botswana) also helps protect the elephant population. By the application of strict rules by the government of Botswana, which includes the setting up of anti-poaching units, poaching is prevented on a large scale within the country. As a result the elephant population of Botswana is not only stable but is experiencing an increase.There are many points in favor of the ban being continued. These careens are based on the profitability of live elephant s to the countries they are in and on carnal rights. Elephants provide a solidification of benefits both to the countrys economy in which they reside and also to the natural habitat of other wild life. Some countries like Zimbabwe and Kenya thrive on the tourism brought about by the presence of elephants in their lands. Zimbabwe has earned a net total of $424 million and Kenya has earned a net of $100 million on throwaway of the attraction their elephant population created for the tourists (White gold The ivory trade ban). Thus, as ivory trade involves the hunting and killing of the elephant population of these countries, it has a detrimental work on the tourism industries without which these already poor countries will lose monumental amounts of money and a major contributor to their gross domestic product (GDP). The former meaning(a) executive of the Zimbabwe Council for Tourism, Paul Matamasia, stated in regards with poaching Without wildlife, we do not have a tourism ind ustry to talk of (Zimbabwes Wildlife Threatened by Poachers). Another benefit of elephants is that they help change woodlands into grasslands, an action which helps provide habitats for the varied wildlife. Thus if the elephant population is reduced due to ivory trade it indirectly has an adverse effect on the habitats of other animals. This was exemplified in the 1970s in the Tsavo National Park in Kenya when a decrease in elephant population led to a decrease in the population of other animals such as zebras (Why Ivory Trade should be banned).The other main argument presented in favor of the ban is that of animal rights. The indiscriminate slaughter of the elephants is necessary in order to acquire ivory as it cannot be obtained while the elephant is alive. After it has been killed the process of extracting ivory involves the poacher to cut into the head of the elephant because roughly 25% of the ivory is contained in the head. This brutal killing of elephants just to take their t usks is a violation of animal rights and of the law as elephants are considered to be an endangered species and according to The Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973 ESA prohibits everyone, private person and federal agency alike, from taking endangered wildlife. The regulations extend this to threatened animals. Take includes harming a listed species. Harm in the definition of take in the Act means an act which actually kills or injures wildlife. Such act may include significant habitat modification or degradation where it actually kills or injures wildlife by significantly impacting essential behavioral patterns, including breeding, feeding, or sheltering (The Endangered Species Act).However some reason that the ban is wrong and should not be imposed. There is a debate regarding the endangerment of the elephants with one side claiming that they are not endangered at all. This side argues that sort of than being in danger of extinction, the elephant are experiencing a rise in the ir population. The advocates of this viewpoint cite the examples of Kruger National Park and Botswana. In Kruger National Park the population of elephants increased from 7000 in 1994 to 12000 in 2005. Also in Botswana the elephant population is not only increasing but the authorities registered a threat of overpopulation. The number of elephants increased from 54700 to 60935 (White gold The ivory trade ban). The ban imposed on ivory trade by CITES requires the elephant population to be below 2000 to qualify. Thus these advocates claim that the ban has been wrongly imposed and should be lifted as the population exceeds that stated by law (White gold The ivory trade ban)..It must be observe however that this increase in population of the elephants only registered later the ban had been imposed in the first place and can be directly attributed to it because after it was imposed the poaching incidents were reduced to negligible amounts. As far as the problem of overpopulation is conce rned it can be justified to still put the elephants under Appendix I of CITES in order to protect the population from falling to such low level that it will become too late to save elephants from extinction as the old clich goes prevention is better than cure.The primary party opposing the ban is the Southern African Development Community (SADC) which includes 12 countries including Botswana, Tanzania and Namibia. The reason SADCs opposition of the ban is the loss of revenue it had from ivory sales. It argues that due to the ban these countries cant even trade in legitimate ivory which is obtained after the elephant dies a natural death. These countries also claim that the population of elephants in their territories is much greater than the level at which a species is considered endangered. In fact these countries claim that they lack the ambit and resources to cater for the growing population of the elephants (White gold The ivory trade ban). This, they claim, poses a threat to t heir human population as elephants come in conflict with the villagers and are responsible for destroying many crops.Another argument they present is that allocating celestial orbits especially for elephants is indirectly very costly as they need that area to grow crops and as agriculture serves as a main form of livelihood it is very difficult. Jon Hutton summates the problem by saying Crops give survival. Elephants dont (White gold The ivory trade ban). SADC further says that the ban should be lifted so that these countries can sell up to a collective stockpile of $8 million dollars (White gold The ivory trade ban) that is put in from elephants that died a natural death. These countries claim that the revenue generated from these trades will be used to conserve the elephant population by building better places for them to live in.In response to the argument that legal ivory and stockpiles should be allowed to be traded and that elephants should rather be placed under Appendix I I by CITES, it can be inferred from a similar situation that this is not a ingenuous solution. In the past, in response to the appeal by Botswana, CITES placed elephants under Appendix II rather than Appendix I in 1997 which allowed a one off trade of ivory with Japan. However this gave way to increased poaching activity in the area as the demand for ivory tusks was restored which acted as a stimulant for the poachers which led to a considerable decrease in elephant population. A complete ban was briefly placed afterwards to stop the poaching as illegal advantage had been taken of a lenient decision. This just helps reinforce the idea that a ban is the only solution to protect the elephant population and if lifted gives rise to illegal trade in ivory which is difficult to tell apart from legitimate trade because while DNA testing has been introduced it is very costly and it will be very difficult to test each batch of ivory.If we consider the argument of the devastation of existi ng crops and too little space for practicing agriculture we can see that lifting the ban is not the only solution and neither is the killing of elephants a good option as it might aggravate the situation rather than making it better. Much better and effective answers exist in the form of resettlement of elephants. The relocation of elephants from overpopulated areas to areas where they exist in very few numbers is a very feasible solution as it answers both the problem of overpopulation in some countries and deficit of elephants in others and will help reach equilibrium in the midst of the two. This idea was used in 2001 when some elephants were transferred from Kruger National Park in South Africa to Mozambique. exit Travers, a member of the Born Free Foundation, said Translocation as a management option, rather than culling, is going to be increasingly used (Worlds Biggest Elephant Relocation Begins)The argument that the revenue generated will be used to help the elephant popul ation is impractical on two bases. Firstly for most of the countries the amount earned from legal ivory trade is much lower than the amount earned by tourism. Thus harming the elephant population for lesser revenues is not a good option. Secondly most of these countries are developing countries and the amount required to increase the living standards of the elephant population will be too high and cannot be fulfilled alone by revenues generated from trade of ivory tusks which is detrimental to the elephant population in the first place.By carefully considering the arguments presented by both the advocates in favor of the ban and those who are opposed to it and by considering the statistical evidence presented in this essay, it can be firmly concluded that the ban on ivory should remain and is the only barrier standing between live elephants and the extinction of a species. Any other scenario, whether it was a nonexistent ban or a lenient one, has proved damaging to the population of elephants in the world. When a ban had not yet been imposed the numbers of elephants was dwindling at a worrying rate while when a little supplement was allowed to some countries for legitimate trade the consequent rise in demand of ivory and the increase in poaching pushed the elephants one step closer to being wiped of the globe. Also the killing of elephants for ivory is a very atrocious crime as the life of a living being is much more important than the benefits it can provide in death and the conservation of a species is much more essential than monetary benefits. Thus a full ban is the only answer and the protagonists of the group who think that the ban should be lifted should reconsider their arguments.

Pulse :: Movies Entertainment Media Essays

PulsePulse is superficially many moving pictures. It is a 2001 fomite for director Kiyoshi Kurosawa to gain international reputation. It is a teen iniquity movie. It is a ghost story. How one reads this movie determines, to a large extent, what one sees in it. And temporary hookup this means we cannot hope to discover one already present Truth waiting for us in the ebbs and flows image and sound that comprise the film, we can serene interpret film and give contesting interpretations over the facts and implications of every frame and every sweeping plot summary. To offer one such plot synopsis now, the movie is basically about two separate groups of young Japanese men and women coming into contact, through information technology and forbidden rooms, with ghosts whose mysterious effects collide with the population of the planet and drive the only survivors the film shows onto a ship headed to Latin America. One group, of whom only one survives, works in a nursery and happen s upon the ghosts through a computer wizard friend, who immediately kills himself. The other pair are at the University and come upon ghosts both through computer-illiterate Kawashima and through a grade student who makes a miniature model of our world. I will consider Nol Carrolls cognitive psychological model of horror film, and then Steven Shaviros speculation of The Cinematic Body, offering, between the two, a path of interpretation of the film in details and broader theme.First I will effort to imagine Pulse within the model of cognitive psychology suggested by Nol Carroll. The movie, as horror film, is a narrative of oddness. This can sweep up place in a scientific model of observation, hypothesis formation, testing the hypothesis, and confrontation. However, it could potentially take place in any particular expression of curiosity (e.g. surrealist, playful, theological or paranoiac), in any (sub/counter)culture, indeed multiple curiosities should be possible all at once. This explains Pulse a bit like the polish student the (scary) problem is mysterious, so we (audience/some narrative force) can and will investigate in order to deal with the problem, and satisfy our desire to know. The theory addresses itself to watchers of horror films, but depends on the unfolding of a narrative of discovery.At other levels than the sweeping plot of the entire film, the theory offers more insights.

A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens Essay -- Christmas Carol Charles

A Christmas Carol by Charles DickensCharles Dickens wrote his novels during the Victorian times. Britainwas a harsh place at this time with the upper and lower classes beingnessclearly separated. Dickens himself grew up as part of the lowerclasses, and so he knew what it was like. It was truly hard for thepoor to survive, many of them having no alternative only when to go into the completionurehouses. This seemed to be the worst place to end up, as manypeople would rather flummox died than gone into the workhouses. Whenpeople went to the workhouses, they were separated from theirfamilies, forced to work long hours and hardly fed at entirely. Theworkhouse system was the upper classes solution to poverty, but it didnot divine service at all. The lower classes were still living very hard lives.Dickens published A Christmas Carol in 1843 to try to bring thelower classes hard lives to the attention of people who could dosomething about it the upper classes. He obstinate to write a novelbecause he felt that more people would take an interest in a bookrather than leaflet, because the attitude towards lot the poor wasnot good. In the novel, the main character, Scrooge, is used topersonify the upper classes. The three ghosts are used to show thatthe poor are not all idle and that some are genuinely in need.Before the ghosts came, Scrooge was hard and sharp as flint andsolitary as an oyster. There is a lot of descriptive words usedabout Scrooge (in the 6th - 8th paragraphs) by Dickens, which givesthe impression that Scrooge was bitter, cold and lonely. He believedthat if people were poor, it was not his business and he just wantedto be left alone. He refused to give money to the poor at Christmasand sai... ...f theydo not change their ways, then the poor people who still have somedignity, who were shown by the Ghost of Christmas Present, will alsoeventually become so desperate, that the seedy, dirty London that isshown by the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come is what the whole citywill end up like.Dickens presents the lower classes realistically he does not try tomake out that all poor people are kind hearted. He tries to make theupper classes realise that the situation of the poor can only getbetter if they do something to help. He also tries to make the reader sense concerned about Tiny Tim and show the upper classes that they canhelp when Tiny Tim is mentioned, it is almost like a personal appealto the reader to help someone in need. Dickens presents the lowerclasses effectively and this is probably why the book is still verypopular today.